The difference between oligotrophic waters and eutrophic waters.

The best way to explain the differences between oligotrophic waters and eutrophic waters is by describing this picture:  

In the first picture there is the oligotrophic water, where the water is clear and there is a low amount of nutrients, the light can easily leak into the water and here you can find SAV or submerged aquatic vegetation. In oligotrophic waters you can find a high content of water which is supporting the lives of many species in the water. On the other hand Eutrophication is or means well nourished or well feed because this water is fulfilled with different nutrients. To understand better Eutrophication first we have to know the difference between benthic plants and phytoplankton. Benthic plants are plants which grow in the attached to in the bottom of a body of water. These are also categorized as SAV plants. Phytoplanktons are plants that grow in the surface of the water and these plants are stopping the sunlight to penetrate into the water (bottom of the lake). Phytoplankton grows as single cells or in small groups of cells and they are found whenever light and nutrients are available. So Eutrophication happens when water is being well nourished by nutrients like phosphorus or nitrogen.

The Eutrophication process begins when in oligotrophic waters nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are added. First the oligotrophic water is clear, the amount of nutrients is low, and the water can easily penetrate because the phytoplankton is limited. After the nutrients are added water starts to be more lumpy, phytoplankton starts to grow SAV starts to disappear. The third phase and the final phase is when Eutrophic process really happens. Now the amount of nutrients is really high and there aren’t any more SAV in the water, only phytoplankton and because now we have dead aquatic vegetation, decomposers have to do their work here so if in the water are a lot of organic waste then more oxygen is needed from the bacteria’s to do the decomposing process. Other species like fishes will suffocate because of the low amount of oxygen. This is also called Hypoxia or (oxygen depletion). 

Sources of nutrient pollution that are causing the process of Eutrophication are:

•  Agriculture sources

• Chemical fertilizes

• Manure

• Aquaculture

• Urban and industrial sources

• Fossil fuel sources

Air pollution from cars

Most car engines need fuels to burn, which is the main threat for air polluting process. There are some ways how can we control air pollution and in this case the air pollution that comes from the motor of vehicles.

• Use bicycles instead of cars

• When we are driving and the traffic light turns red we should turn off the car and start it again after the light turns yellow.

• Choose low-polluting models of cars

•  Reduce the amount of time you spend in the car

• If you travel everyday to your work by  car than take some of your colleges with you so they won’t use their own cars

•  Use public transportation

• Getting rid of the old cars

• Using car filters that prevent the release of gases in the atmosphere

• Don’t use the air conditioner because the car will use more fuel for that

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Bicycles are Eco-friendly they don’t need any fuel to get in motion just a little bit of our body energy and that’s it. By using more the bicycles we will have a strong body and a better environment with less carbon dioxide.

When we are stuck in traffic or waiting on the traffic light we should turn off our cars. In this way we can decrease a little the amount of carbon dioxide that are produced by the fuel that you use for our cars.

By choosing a low-polluting model of car we will help not just our selves but also the environment. These cars might be a little bit expensive but still they are worthy.

If we just like to spend more time in our cars doing nothing then we need to stop because there are many things that you can do in the mean time. For example riding your Eco-bike.

If us or our colleges travel everyday to work with car, we should make a plan for example to travel one week with one car all the colleges, and the other week with the other car and so on.

Or use the public transport because even the prime minister of England does, so why don’t we use it too.

Getting rid of the old cars might be a little hard, notably for countries which have lower incomes but if we do so then this might be a very big deal because those cars pollute much more than the newer cars because they don’t have filters and if you are thinking to buy a new car buy an ECO-FRIENDLY car.

Pollution of water

BOD (Biological oxygen demand) is the measure of oxygen that is needed to break down organic material in water. So the microorganisms need this biological oxygen demand to decompose organic waste. It depends from the river if the BOD is high or low. If in the water are a lot of organic waste then more oxygen is needed from the bacteria’s to do the decomposing process. The exceeding value of BOD would increase the amount of oxygen and in that level that many species would die expect of the microorganisms. The normal amount of BOD in sewage is around 250pmm. Nitrite and nitrate are inorganic compounds which are contributing to a higher BOD. Nitrite and nitrate can be natural or man made and both of them are helping to contaminate the water. Nitrates are helping the plant process of the algae in a fast way and when they grow fast they also die very fast so there will be a lot of organic waste and the demand for oxygen will increase and when we have a higher amount of oxygen many species that are not used to this amount of oxygen will eventually die. To avoid such situation people should not throw garbage in water because in that garbage might be a high amount of organic materials and when you throw that in the river, the river will normally produce a lot of oxygen for the bacteria’s to decompose those materials.